Introduction Part 1 of this page illustrates images analyzed in Random Scale-invariant & Dead Leaves. The images are not shown original size; they’ve been resized to be approximately equal in magnification with respect to the original chart image— with enough magnification to show the results of the camera optics and image processing. Part 2 demonstrates how demosaicing is the cause of a commonly observed discrepancy between Spilled Coins and slanted-edge MTF measurements. Part 1: Images used in Random / Dead Leaves Original pattern (cropped from the middle of the chart), for reference. Original pattern (reduced from file used to print […]

This document contains reference data intended to help Imatest users implement test plans that include automatically-detected slanted-edge modules. It describes the most important JSON results, which can be used for Pass/Fail criteria, as well as the key settings needed to get these results.Settings windows and recommended settings Settings for slanted-edge modules Slanted-edge modules can be run in either Setup (interactive) or Auto (batch-capable) mode. You can make settings in Setup mode; Auto mode uses saved settings from Setup mode.  When you run one of  the four auto-detection slanted-edge SFR modules (eSFR ISO, SFRplus, Checkerboard, and SFRreg) in Setup mode, the […]

Introduction: Starting in version 4.5, Imatest is capable of performing the cross-correlation based texture blur measurement which is under consideration for ISO 19567-2: Texture Analysis on Stochastic Pattern. This is a texture-blur-analysis method originally proposed in Description of texture loss using the dead leaves target: Current issues and a new intrinsic approach by Kirk et al at Image Engineering.  This method starts from the same principles as the so-called “Direct” method of Cao et al which is the Power Spectral Density-based method described on the Random Module page. The main difference is the Direct method makes use of assumed statistical properties […]

Overview Starting in Imatest 4.4, it is possible to perform basic analysis of a video system’s ability to auto focus (AF), auto white balance (AWB) or auto expose an image (AE). Combined, these three tests may be referred to as AAA analysis. Currently, temporal analysis is only compatible with the following modules: Auto Focus: SFR Auto White Balance: Colorcheck Auto Exposure: Stepchart When you select one of these modules and read a video file, the fourth option in the Imatest Video Reader, plot metric with respect to time, will be made available. Selecting this option begins the appropriate setup for […]

Test Charts creates test chart files for printing on high quality inkjet printers. This page focuses on Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) charts, many of which are used for measuring sharpness (MTF) with Imatest SFR, SFRplus, eSFR ISO, Checkerboard, and SFRreg. (Bitmap charts are described elsewhere.) SVG charts can be printed any size at a printer’s maximum quality (i.e., resolution) with no limitations, and they generally require much less storage than bitmap images. The SVG charts designed for automated testing with SFRplus and eSFR ISO (based on ISO 12233:2014/2017) have numerous advantages over the familiar but obsolete ISO 12233:2000 chart. Most […]

 Analyze the Siemens Star chart New in Imatest 2020.1 (Feb. 2020)  Shannon information capacity can be calculated from images of the Siemens star, with much better accuracy than slanted-edges. The old slanted-edge method has been deprecated.   The white paper, “Camera information capacity: a key performance indicator for Machine Vision and Artificial Intelligence systems“, which briefly introduces information theory, describes the camera information capacity measurement, then shows results (including the effects of artifacts) is now available for download. Imatest 5.0: Half-stars (rotated by multiples of 45º) can now be analyzed. A star-only pattern (without density patches, etc.) can be selected in […]

Analysis of random scale-invariant patterns, including the Spilled Coins (Dead Leaves) Pattern, for measuring texture sharpness Introduction – Obtaining – Photographing – Running – Automatic ROI detection – Output  MTF – MTFnn, MTFnnP – Power Spectral Density – Equations & Scale-invariance   Introduction  Random/Dead Leaves, which runs under the interactive Rescharts interface or as a fixed (non-interactive, batch-capable) module, measures SFR (Spatial Frequency Response) or MTF (Modulation Transfer Function) from random scale-invariant (or approximately scale-invariant) test charts, including “Dead Leaves” and “Spilled Coins” charts. It is primarily used to measure the effects of signal processing on image texture. Dead leaves/Spilled Coins charts are of increasing interest because their statistics resemble those of natural […]

A comparison of sensitivity to signal processing: Results for additional cameras This page contains additional Slanted-edge, Siemens Star, and Log F-Contrast results for four cameras, in support of claims in Slanted-edge versus Siemens Star that Siemens Star MTF measurements are nearly as sensitive to sharpening as low-contrast (4:1) slanted-edge measurements. The Siemens Star’s high contrast (specified at >50:1) makes it quite sensitive to saturation and to “shoulders” (regions of reduced contrast) in camera tonal response. Slanted-edge MTF measurements are stable, reliable, and more representative of perceived image sharpness under a wide range of conditions (in addition to their many well-known […]

A comparison of sensitivity to signal processing In this page we address concerns about the sensitivity of slanted-edge patterns to signal processing, especially sharpening, and we correct the misconception that sinusoidal patterns, such as the Siemens star, are insensitive to sharpening, and hence provide more robust and stable MTF measurements. The Siemens Star is of particular interest because, along with the slanted-edge, it is included in the ISO 12233:2014 standard.  To summarize our results, we found that sinusoidal patterns are sensitive to sharpening, though often less so than low contrast (4:1) slanted-edges. The relatively high contrast of the Siemens Star […]

Instructions and comments We are updating this page for the latest Skype/Lync specification. An index of of the Skype/Lync specifications can be found on  http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/lync/gg278181.aspx. This document contains instructions for using Imatest with the Skype Hardware Certification Specification — For all Skype Video Devices Version 5.0. It also contains comments and suggestions (some of which we hope might be adopted in a future release of the spec). The Skype spec uses only a tiny fraction of Imatest’s powerful capabilities. To learn more, see Image Quality Factors and SFRplus (which allows many factors to be measured from a single image). In […]

Instructions and comments Under development We are updating this page for the latest Skype for Business Video Capture Specification, December 2016. An index of of the Skype/Lync specifications can be found on https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/office/dn788953 This document contains instructions for using Imatest with the Skype for Business Video Capture Specification, which has two versions: personal solutions (Document Number: H100693) and conferencing devices (Document Number: M1023160), published December 2016. “Skype for Business V3.0” appears on a watermark, and 3.0 is indicated in the Revision History (Section 1). It also contains comments and suggestions for running Imatest. The Skype spec uses only a tiny […]

Introduction – Examples – Oversharpening and Undersharpening  Examples – Unsharp masking (USM) – Links   Introduction to sharpening Sharpening is an important part of digital image processing. It restores some of the sharpness lost in the lens and image sensor. Every digital image benefits from sharpening at some point in its workflow— in the camera, the RAW conversion software, and/or image editor. Sharpening has a bad name with some photographers because it’s overdone in some cameras (mostly low-end compacts and camera phones), resulting in ugly “halo” effects near edges. But it’s entirely beneficial when done properly. Almost every digital camera sharpens images to some degree. Some models […]

For more information on how to use INI files in Imatest IT, we recommend the Imatest INI File Reference This document was created by running sfrreg in Imatest 5.2.0. ALPHA on 31-May-2019 14:48:43. For Imatest IT, most of these entries don’t need to be entered. Many don’t affect Imatest IT results: they control interactive figure displays or figure output formats (figures are often not used in Imatest IT). Background Meaning Yellow Yellow background: Important to Imatest IT. Parameter and Description are in boldface. [IT] Cyan Cyan background: Figure settings. (Figures are used infrequently for IT.) [f] Gray Gray background: For […]

Photographic scientists and engineers stress the fact that no single number satisfactorily describes the ability of a photographic system to reproduce the small-scale attributes of the subject —Leslie Stroebel,John Compton, Ira Current, Richard Zakia Basic Photographic Materials and Processes, Second edition, p. 273 (Micro-image evaluation chapter), Focal Press, 2000 News: Imatest 2020.1 (March 2020)  Shannon information capacity is now calculated from images of the Siemens star, with much better accuracy than the old slanted-edge measurements, which have been deprecated and replaced with a new method (convenient, but less accurate than the Siemens Star). Siemens Star measurements are the recommended method […]

For more information on how to use INI files in Imatest IT, we recommend the Imatest INI File Reference For Imatest IT, most of these entries don’t need to be entered. Many don’t affect Imatest IT results: they control interactive figure displays or figure output formats (figures are often not used in Imatest IT). Background Meaning Yellow Yellow background: Important to Imatest IT. Parameter and Description are in boldface. [IT] Cyan Cyan background: Figure settings. (Figures are used infrequently for IT.) [f] Gray Gray background: For interactive operation. No effect on IT. Clear Clear background: Results details (units, scaling, etc.) […]

These posts describe several topics, including: SFRplus Quadrant analysis (it includes the center region as well), Saturation analysis, which attempts to estimate the severity of saturation in slanted-edge regions (ROIs), and a few other recent additions (November 2012). Saturation is important because saturated light or dark regions will result in artificially high MTF readings. How to select regions at a fixed distance from center to corner (typically in the range of 65-85%)

Since SFRplus (and eventually eSFR ISO, which uses almost all the same settings) is included in IT EXE and DLL, users may sometimes need to examine or edit the INI file used to control IT versions. Most of the settings in the [sfrplus] or [esfriso] section are set by one of the three SFRplus or eSFR ISO Settings windows that can be opened when SFRplus is run in Rescharts (or by clicking SFRplus setup in the Imatest main window). A few are set by responses to other windows or user actions. Settings that affect only Rescharts mode (and hence do […]

Imatest SFR allows you to analyze and display several regions of interest (ROIs) in an image. Display options can be selected from three dropdown windows from the SFR settings window. Multi-ROI plots lets you choose the plot type: 1D or 2D; units in Cycles/Pxl, LW/PH (Line Widths per Picture Height), or LP/PH (Line Pairs per Picture Height).The 1D summary plots, which display results as a function of the distance from the image center, may be difficult to read for lenses that are poorly centered and hence have asymmetrical response. In most cases 2D summary plots are far more readable. 1D […]

* indicates that this field will be described in more detail at the bottom of this document (Much of the text at the bottom will be common to several ini file reference pages). For more information on how to use INI files in Imatest IT, we recommend the Imatest INI File Reference For Imatest IT, most of these entries don’t need to be entered. Many don’t affect Imatest IT results: they control interactive figure displays or figure output formats (figures are often not used in Imatest IT). Background Meaning Yellow Yellow background: Important to Imatest IT. Parameter and Description are […]

Imatest Rescharts slanted-edge modules perform highly automated measurements of several key image quality factors using specially-designed test charts. The user never has to manually select Regions of Interest (ROIs). This page covers results that are (mostly) not derived from the slanted-edges themselves, including Noise (best in eSFR ISO) Distortion  (differing detail in different modules; best with SFRplus and eSFR ISO. Described in detail here. Tonal response*  (no noise statistics for SFRplus) Color accuracy*  when used with an SFRplus, eSFR ISO, or SFRreg center charts that contain a color pattern Vanishing resolution, aliasing, and Moiré from Wedge patterns in eSFR ISO ISO sensitivity*  (Saturation-based and […]